Overview

Header description
Targeted investment in new and upgraded nationally significant infrastructure is crucial to advancing Australian Government policies aimed at boosting national productivity.
construction
  1. Australian Government Treasury, 2025, Australia’s Net Zero Transformation: Treasury Modelling and Analysis, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://treasury.gov.au/publication/p2025-700922
  2. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2025, Australia in the World – 2025 Snapshot, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/international-relations/australia-world-2025-snapshot
  3. Global Infrastructure Hub, 2023, What is InfraTech and why is it important?, available via: https://www.gihub.org/articles/what-is-infratech-and-why-is-it-important/
  4. Infrastructure Victoria, 2024, Digital technology and infrastructure productivity, Infrastructure Victoria, Melbourne, available via: https://assets.infrastructurevictoria.com.au/assets/240913-Digital-technology-and-productivity-report-FINAL.pdf
  5. https://www.gihub.org/articles/the-skys-the-limit-leveraging-drone-technology-in-infrastructure-projects/
  6. McKinsey & Company, 2025, The infrastructure moment, available via: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/infrastructure/our-insights/the-infrastructure-moment
  7. Centre for Population, 2025, 2025 Population Statement, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://population.gov.au/publications/statements/2025-population-statement
  8. Centre for Population, 2025, 2025 Population Statement: Australia Snapshot , Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://population.gov.au/sites/population.gov.au/files/2026-01/ss-2025-pop-statement-aus.pdf
  9. Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts , 2024, State of Australia’s Regions 2024, Australian Government, Canberra, p.8, available via: https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/state-of-australias-regions-2024.pdf
  10. Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, 2024, First Nations Clean Energy Strategy, Australian Government, Canberra, p.16, available via: www.energy.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-12/First%20Nations%20Clean%20Energy%20Strategy.pdf
  11. Centre for Population, 2024, 2024 Population Statement, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://population.gov.au/sites/population.gov.au/files/2024-12/pop-statement-2024.pdf
  12. Infrastructure Transport Ministers, 2025, National Freight and Supply Chain Strategy 2025, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.freightaustralia.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/national-freight-supply-chain-strategy-2025.pdf
  13. Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, 2025, Australian Infrastructure and Transport Statistics Yearbook 2025, ‘Table 1.1b Domestic freight by transport mode – non–bulk’, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/bitre-yearbook-2025.pdf
  14. Australasian Railway Association, n.d., Benefits of rail freight, available via: https://ara.net.au/benefits-of-rail-freight/
  15. Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, 2025, Australian Infrastructure and Transport Statistics Yearbook 2025, Australian Government, Canberra. Available via: www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/bitre-yearbook-2025.pdf
  16. Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, 2025, Trainline 12, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/trainline-12.pdf
  17. Productivity Commission, 2022, Lifting productivity at Australia’s container ports: between water, wharf and warehouse, Australian Government, Canberra, p.246, available via: https://assets.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/maritime-logistics/report/maritime-logistics.pdf
  18. ARTC (Australian Rail Track Corporation), 2025, Our Network, available via: https://www.artc.com.au/about/network/
  19. Schott, K AO, 2023, Independent Review of Inland Rail Report, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/independent-review-of-inland-rail-report.pdf
  20. AHURI (Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute Limited), 2021, Population growth, regional connectivity, and city planning—international lessons for Australian practice, available via: https://www.ahuri.edu.au/sites/default/files/documents/2022-09/AHURI-Final-Report-362-Population-growth-regional-connectivity-and-city-planning.pdf
  21. ARTC (Australian Rail Track Corporation), 2025, Annual Report 2024-25, ARTC, Adelaide, available via: https://www.artc.com.au/uploads/Annual-Report-2024-25.pdf
  22. Queensland Transport and Logistics Council, n.d., Intermodal Transport, available via: https://www.qtlc.com.au/freight-sectors/intermodal/; and Rodrigue, J-P., 2024, The Geography of Transport Systems, Routledge, available via: https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter6/function-of-transport-terminals/types-intermodal-terminals/
  23. Victorian Government, 2024, Victoria’s new interstate freight precincts fact sheet, Victorian Government, Melbourne. Available via: https://www.vic.gov.au/victorias-new-interstate-freight-precincts-fact-sheet
  24. Senate Select Committee on the Impact of Climate Risk on Insurance Premiums and Availability, 2024, Impact of Climate Risk on Insurance Premiums and Availability, Parliament of Australia, available via: https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Impact_of_Climate_Risk_on_Insurance/ClimateRiskonInsurance/Report/Chapter_2_-_Impact_of_climate_change_and_more_frequent_and_severe_natural_disasters
  25. Deloitte, 2016, Building Resilient Infrastructure, available via: https://australianbusinessroundtable.com.au/assets/documents/Report%20-%20Building%20Resilient%20Infrastructure/Report%20-%20Building%20resilient%20infrastructure.pdf
  26. Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, 2025, Australian Infrastructure and Transport Statistics Yearbook 2025, Table 1.5 Metropolitan road freight, by capital city, Australian Government, Canberra. Available via: www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/bitre-yearbook-2025.pdf
  27. Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, 2022, Australian interstate, intrastate and capital city road freight forecasts – 2022 update, Figure 3.1 Total adjusted metropolitan road freight estimates (1970–2020) and forecasts (2020–2040), Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/bitre_rr155.pdf
  28. Infrastructure Australia analysis of NFDH Roadworks and Road Closures data, 2020-2024; Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications, Sport and the Arts, n.d., Roadworks and Road Closures, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://datahub.freightaustralia.gov.au/explore/interactives/Roadworks%20and%20Road%20Closures
  29. Austroads, 2025, AusRAP Summary 2025, available via: https://austroads.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/806878/AusRAP_Summary_2025_18.09.25.pdf
  30. Australian Government, 2024, Bruce Highway Upgrade – Safety Package, Australian Government, Canberra. Available via: https://investment.infrastructure.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/…  https://investment.infrastructure.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/bruce-highway-upgrade-safety-package-fact-sheet.pdf
  31. The Hon Catherine King, Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government, ‘$7.2 billion new funding: Australian Government to fix Bruce Highway’, media release, Australian Government, available via: https://minister.infrastructure.gov.au/c-king/media-release/72-billion-new-funding-australian-government-fix-bruce-highway
  32. World Bank, 2024, Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) – Australia, available via: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS?locations=AU
  33. Australian Maritime Safety Authority, 2025, Corporate Plan 2025–26, Australian Government, Canberra. Available via: https://www.amsa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2025-26-corporate-plan.pdf
  34. Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, 2025, Australian Sea Freight 2023–24, Australian Government, Canberra, available via https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/asf-2023-24.pdf
  35. Productivity Commission, 2022, Lifting productivity at Australia’s container ports: between water, wharf and warehouse, Australian Government, Canberra, p.2, available via: assets.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/maritime-logistics/report/maritime-logistics.pdf
  36. Infrastructure Australia analysis of NFDH Import and Export Containerised Merchandise Projections by Port data (projected growth from July 2025 to July 2030). Data accessed 29 January 2026.  
  37. Productivity Commission, 2022, Lifting productivity at Australia’s container ports: between water, wharf and warehouse, Australian Government, Canberra, p.252, available via: assets.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/maritime-logistics/report/maritime-logistics.pdf
  38. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2023, Container Stevedoring Monitoring Report 2022–23, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: www.accc.gov.au/system/files/container-stevedoring-monitoring-report-2022-23.pdf
  39. Productivity Commission, 2022, Lifting productivity at Australia’s container ports: between water, wharf and warehouse, Australian Government, Canberra, p.88, available via: assets.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/maritime-logistics/report/maritime-logistics.pdf
  40. Productivity Commission, 2022, Lifting productivity at Australia’s container ports: between water, wharf and warehouse, Australian Government, Canberra, p.233, available via: assets.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/maritime-logistics/report/maritime-logistics.pdf
  41. Westport, 2020, Future Port Recommendations Stage 2 Report, Government of Western Australia, available via: https://westport.wa.gov.au/getContentAsset/8d216210-75d0-4296-b02b-14cebc19d856/fa117f43-b6c2-4f05-8f7b-73a98f1892f0/westport-future-port-recommendations_stage-2-report.pdf?language=en
  42. Productivity Commission, 2022, Lifting productivity at Australia’s container ports: between water, wharf and warehouse, Australian Government, Canberra, p.167, available via: assets.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/maritime-logistics/report/maritime-logistics.pdf
  43. World Bank Group, 2025, The Container Port Performance Index 2020 to 2024: Trends and lessons learned, available via: www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/publication/cppi-2024
  44. Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, 2025, Australian Infrastructure and Transport Statistics Yearbook 2025, ‘Table 7.6 Containers exchanged, selected Australian ports, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/bitre-yearbook-2025.pdf
  45. Flinders Port Holdings, 2022, Masterplan, available via: https://www.flindersportholdings.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/FPH-Masterplan-FINAL-JUN-2022.pdf
  46. NSW Ports, n.d., Major Initiatives NSW Container Ports, available via: www.nswports.com.au/nsw-container-ports
    available via: www.nswports.com.au/nsw-container-ports
  47. Port of Brisbane, 2025, Port of Brisbane Vision 2060, p.13, available via: www.portbris.com.au/documents/40594/1270668/PortBris+-+Vision2060.pdf
  48. Westport, 2025, Why WA’s growing container trade demands smart planning, Government of Western Australia, available via: https://westport.wa.gov.au/info-hub/news/why-was-growing-container-trade-demands-smart-planning
  49. Port of Melbourne, 2025, 2055 Port Development Strategy, p.44, available via: https://www.portofmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/PoM-2055-PDS-Edition-For-Publication.pdf
  50. Port of Melbourne, 2024, Port Capacity Enhancement Program, available via: https://www.portofmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/240607_11-PCEP-StageTwo-DraftCBA-Presentation-June2024.pdf
  51. Transport for NSW, 2025, Delivering freight policy reform in New South Wales, New South Wales Government, p.45 available via: https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/system/files/media/documents/2025/delivering-freight-policy-reform-in-nsw-june-2025.pdf
  52. Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, 2025, Australian Sea Freight 2023–24, ‘Table 1.3 - Top ten ports with the highest value of Australia’s international sea freight (2023–24 prices) ‘ & ‘Table 1.4 Top ten ports with the largest weight of Australia’s international sea freight ‘, Australian Government, Canberra, available via https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/asf-2023-24.pdf
  53. Productivity Commission, 2022, Lifting productivity at Australia’s container ports: between water, wharf and warehouse, Australian Government, Canberra, p.244, available via: assets.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/maritime-logistics/report/maritime-logistics.pdf
  54. Productivity Commission, 2022, Lifting productivity at Australia’s container ports: between water, wharf and warehouse, Australian Government, Canberra, p.245, available via: assets.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/maritime-logistics/report/maritime-logistics.pdf
  55. Australian Railway Association, 2020, Value of Rail 2020, available via: https://ara.net.au/wp-content/uploads/REPORT-ValueofRail2020-1.pdf
  56. Victorian Government, 2023, Port Rail Shuttle Network, Victorian Government, Melbourne, available via: https://www.vic.gov.au/port-rail-shuttle-network
  57. NSW Ports, 2023, NSW Ports 2063, p. 37, available via: https://www.nswports.com.au/NSWPorts-Master-Plan
  58. NSW Ports, 2025, Continued investment in Port Botany’s On-Dock Rail to enhance Sydney’s freight supply chain, available via: https://www.nswports.com.au/continued-investment-port-botanys-dock-rail-enhance-sydneys-freight-supply-chain
  59. Transport for NSW, n.d., Use of Rail Freight at Port Botany, New South Wales Government, available via: https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/data-and-research/freight-data/freight-performance-dashboard/use-of-rail-freight-at-port-botany
  60. Infrastructure Australia, 2019, Australian Infrastructure Audit 2019, Infrastructure Australia, Sydney, p.332, available via: https://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/publications/australian-infrastructure-audit-2019
  61. Port Authority of New South Wales, n.d., Newcastle Harbour port services and facilities, available via: https://www.portauthoritynsw.com.au/port-operations/newcastle-harbour/newcastle-harbour-port-services-and-facilities
  62. Ports Australia, 2024, State of Trade 2024, available via: https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/64b93e7050a85c306292e4b7/66da8f4b7c00883379c6d117_Ports Australia State of Trade Full Report.pdf
  63. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2024, Australia’s Top 25 Exports, Goods & Services (a), Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/australias-goods-and-services-by-top-25-exports-2024.pdf.pdf
  64. Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, 2025, Trainline 12, Australian Government, Canberra, pg.32, available via: https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/trainline-12.pdf
  65. Department of Industry, Science and Resources, 2025, Resources and Energy Quarterly, Table 1.2 Australia’s resources and energy exports, selected commodities, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.industry.gov.au/sites/default/files/2025-03/resources-and-energy-quarterly-march-2025.pdf
  66. Department of Industry, Science and Resources, 2025, Resources and Energy Quarterly, p. 38,  Australia’s resources and energy exports, selected commodities, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.industry.gov.au/sites/default/files/2025-03/resources-and-energy-quarterly-march-2025.pdf https://www.industry.gov.au/sites/default/files/2025-10/resources-and-energy-quarterly-september-2025.pdf Table 1.2
  67. Department of Industry, Science and Resources, 2025, Resources and Energy Quarterly September 2025, Table 1.2 Australia’s resources and energy exports, selected commodities, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.industry.gov.au/sites/default/files/2025-10/resources-and-energy-quarterly-september-2025.pdf
  68. https://www.publications.qld.gov.au/ckan-publications-attachments-prod/resources/72d6339b-68a5-474a-af6b-1aa911dd19a7/master-plan-priority-port-of-abbot-point.pdf?ETag=a4b0566e92a1426517cec3cace38fa15
    Department of Transport and Main Roads, 2023, Master Plan Priority Port of Abott Point, Queensland Government, Brisbane, available via: https://www.publications.qld.gov.au/ckan-publications-attachments-prod/resources/72d6339b-68a5-474a-af6b-1aa911dd19a7/master-plan-priority-port-of-abbot-point.pdf?ETag=a4b0566e92a1426517cec3cace38fa15
  69. Australian Government, 2025, Additional Defence funding to deliver the Henderson Defence Precinct, media release, Australian Government, available via: https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/media-releases/2025-09-14/additional-defence-funding-deliver-henderson-defence-precinct
  70. Australian Government, 2024, Northern Australia Action Plan 2024-2029, Australian Government, Canberra, p.32, available via: https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/northern-australia-action-plan-2024-2029-march2025.pdf
  71. TasPorts, 2024, Trade Report FY2024, available via: https://tasports.com.au/volumes/documents/Trade-reports/Trade-Report-Q4-FY24_VF-28-Aug-2024.pdf
  72. TasPorts, n.d. Burnie Gateway, available via: https://tasports.com.au/volumes/documents/Major-Projects/Burnie-Gateway/Infrastructure-Project-Brief_Burnie-Gateway.pdf
  73. Tasmanian Government, 2025, Tasmanian Critical Minerals Prospectus, Tasmanian Government, Hobart, available via: https://www.mrt.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/613286/Critical-Minerals-Prospectus_18-Dec-2025-WEB.pdf
  74. Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, 2025, Australian Infrastructure and Transport Statistics Yearbook 2025, ‘Table 1.1c Domestic freight by transport mode – total bulk and non–bulk’, Australian Government, Canberra. Available via: www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/bitre-yearbook-2025.pdf
  75. Infrastructure Australia, 2019, Australian Infrastructure Audit 2019, Infrastructure Australia, Sydney, p.330, available via: https://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/publications/australian-infrastructure-audit-2019
  76. Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, 2024, Australian aviation forecasts – 2024 to 2050, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/bitre_rr157.pdf
  77. Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, 2025, Australian Infrastructure and Transport Statistics Yearbook 2025, ‘Table 6.3a Activity at major airports – revenue passengers (thousand, Australian Government, Canberra. Available via: www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/bitre-yearbook-2025.pdf
  78. Western Sydney International Airport, n.d., Vision & Strategy, available via: https://wsiairport.com.au/vision-strategy
  79. NSW Ports, 2023, NSW Ports 2063, p.41, available via: https://www.nswports.com.au/NSWPorts-Master-Plan
  80. Australian Treasury, n.d. Delivering the National Housing Accord, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://treasury.gov.au/policy-topics/housing/accord
  81. National Housing Supply and Affordability Council, 2025, State of the Housing System, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://nhsac.gov.au/sites/nhsac.gov.au/files/2025-05/ar-state-housing-system-2025.pdf
  82. Sydney Metro, 2025, Sydney Metro City celebrates its record-breaking first year of passenger services, New South Wales Government, Sydney, available via: https://www.sydneymetro.info/article/sydney-metro-city-celebrates-its-record-breaking-first-year-passenger-services
  83. Victoria’s Big Build, n.d., Metro Tunnel Project overview, Victorian Government, Melbourne, available via: https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/projects/metro-tunnel/about/overview
  84. Metronet, n.d., Metronet, Government of Western Australia, Perth, available via: https://www.metronet.wa.gov.au/about
  85. Greater London Authority, n.d., Green Transport, available via: https://www.london.gov.uk/programmes-strategies/transport/green-transport
  86. Climate Council, 2024, Next Stop Suburbia: Making Shared Transport Work for Everyone in Aussie Cities, available via: https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/next-stop-suburbia/
  87. Commonwealth of Australia 2025, National Road Transport Technology Strategy,  available via: https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/national-road-transport-technology-strategy.pdf
  88. Infrastructure Victoria, 2025, Fast, frequent, fair How buses can better connect Melbourne, Infrastructure Victoria, Melbourne, available via: https://assets.infrastructurevictoria.com.au/assets/Resources/Fast-Frequent-Fair-how-buses-can-better-connect-Melbourne-2025.pdf
  89. Australian Climate Systems, n.d., Risks to Infrastructure and the built environment, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.acs.gov.au/pages/systems-infrastructure
  90. Australian Government, 2025, Transport and Infrastructure Net Zero Roadmap and Action Plan, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/transport-and-infrastructure-net-zero-roadmap-and-action-plan.pdf
  91. Department of Climate Change Energy, the Environment and Water, 2025, Reducing Transport Emissions, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.dcceew.gov.au/energy/transport
  92. Infrastructure NT, 2023, NT Infrastructure Audit 2023, p. 24, available via: https://infrastructure.nt.gov.au/nt-infrastructure-framework/2023-infrastructure-audit
  93. Dandeniya, N. 2025, Some regional Victorian train platforms too short for six-carriage VLocity trains, ABC News, available via: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-11-13/public-transport-association-calls-for-extensions-for-platforms/105862146
  94. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2025, Profile of Australia’s population, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/profile-of-australias-population
  95. High Speed Rail Authority, n.d., Our population challenge, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.hsra.gov.au/population-challenges
  96. Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, 2025, Trainline 12, Australian Government, Canberra, pg.69, available via: https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/trainline-12.pdf
  97. Ranked by seats; OAG, n.d., The Busiest Flight Routes of 2024, available via: https://www.oag.com/busiest-routes-world-2024
  98. Point-in-time estimate from Google maps and coach timetables
  99. Point-in-time estimate from Google maps
  100. Baseline scenario is the BITRE’s best estimates of likely future growth in aviation activity, conditional on the long-term forecast assumptions; Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, 2024, Australian Aviation forecasts – 2025 to 2024 (Summary), Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/bitre-rr157-summary.pdf
  101. Lawrence, M., Bullock, R., & Liu, Z., 2019, China’s High-Speed Rail Development, World Bank Group, available via: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/933411559841476316/pdf/Chinas-High-Speed-Rail-Development.pdf
  102. AHURI (Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute Limited), 2021, Population growth, regional connectivity, and city planning—international lessons for Australian practice, p.65, available via: https://www.ahuri.edu.au/sites/default/files/documents/2022-09/AHURI-Final-Report-362-Population-growth-regional-connectivity-and-city-planning.pdf
  103. Bureau of Meteorology, n.d., Water Information, Bureau of Meteorology , Melbourne, available via: https://www.bom.gov.au/water/dashboards/#/water-storages/summary/state
  104. Bureau of Meteorology, 2025, National performance report 2023–24: urban water utilities, part A, Bureau of Meteorology , Melbourne, p.23, available via: https://www.bom.gov.au/water/npr/docs/2023-24/Urban_National_Performance_Report_2023-24.pdf
  105. Mandala, 2025, Data Centres as Enabling Infrastructure, p.7&9, available via: https://mandalapartners.com/uploads/Data-Centres-as-Enabling-Infrastructure.pdf
  106. Infrastructure Australia, 2021, 2021 Australian Infrastructure Plan, Infrastructure Australia, Sydney,  p.418, available via: https://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/publications/2021-australian-infrastructure-plan
  107. Productivity Commission, 2024, National Water Reform 2024, Australian Government, Canberra, p.98, available via: https://assets.pc.gov.au/2025-10/Water%20reform%20report.pdf?VersionId=ZzDTW0bcW2utNb_o2h_pAqD0fMclh.H0
  108. Productivity Commission, 2024, National Water Reform 2024, Australian Government, Canberra, p.5, available via: https://assets.pc.gov.au/2025-10/Water%20reform%20report.pdf?VersionId=ZzDTW0bcW2utNb_o2h_pAqD0fMclh.H0
  109. National Water Grid, 2023, Science for a water-secure future, National Water Grid, Canberra, p.7,  available via: https://www.nationalwatergrid.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/science-for-water-secure-future-report-2023.pdf  
  110. Bureau of Meteorology, 2025, National performance report 2023–24: urban water utilities, part A, Bureau of Meteorology , Melbourne, p.13, available via: https://www.bom.gov.au/water/npr/docs/2023-24/Urban_National_Performance_Report_2023-24.pdf
  111. Regan, A., & McNally, D., 2025, Water under pressure: expanding capacity amid rising risk, Oxford Economics Australia, available via: https://www.oxfordeconomics.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Water-RB-September-2025-Part-1.pdf
  112. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2025, Water Account, Australia, available via: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/environment/environmental-accounts/water-account-australia/latest-release
  113. Power Water, 2025, Darwin Region Water Security Upgrade, available via: https://www.powerwater.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0026/427058/FINAL-2024-25-Darwin-Region-Water-Security-Annual-Update-issued-August-2025.PDF
  114. Government of South Australia, 2009, Water for Good, available via: https://cdn.environment.sa.gov.au/environment/docs/water-for-good-summary-plan.pdf
  115. CSIRO, 2024, Future Climate, available via: https://www.csiro.au/en/research/environmental-impacts/climate-change/State-of-the-Climate/Future-climate
  116. Bureau of Meteorology, 2025, National performance report 2023–24: urban water utilities, part A, Bureau of Meteorology , Melbourne, p. 28, available via: https://www.bom.gov.au/water/npr/docs/2023-24/Urban_National_Performance_Report_2023-24.pdf
  117. Department of Planning and Environment, 2022, Greater Sydney Water Strategy, New South Wales Government, p.18, available via: https://www.water.dcceew.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/2025-08/greater-sydney-water-strategy.pdf
  118. Seqwater, 2023, South East Queensland Water Security Program 2023, available via: https://www.seqwater.com.au/sites/default/files/2023-10/J018969%20Seqwater%20Water%20Security%20Program%20FINAL%201-3_0.pdf
  119. Melbourne Water, n.d., Greater Melbourne Urban Water and System Strategy: Water for Life, available via: https://www.melbournewater.com.au/about/what-we-do/publications/greater-melbourne-urban-water-and-system-strategy-water-life
  120. Government of South Australia, 2009, Water for Good, available via: https://cdn.environment.sa.gov.au/environment/docs/water-for-good-summary-plan.pdf
  121. PowerWater, 2025, Darwin Region Water Security Update, available via: https://www.powerwater.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0026/427058/FINAL-2024-25-Darwin-Region-Water-Security-Annual-Update-issued-August-2025.PDF
  122. Water Corporation, 2009, Towards Climate Resilience, available via: https://pw-cdn.watercorporation.com.au/-/media/watercorp/documents/our-water/sustainability-and-innovation/securing-supply/water-forever-50-year-plan.pdf?h=507&w=760&rev=a504d956f5934b69bb2982a6bca714f2&hash=673A28376E826398E3D53A2B43C1E65D
  123. Australian Capital Territory, 2014, ACT Water Strategy 2014–44, available via: https://www.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/2538559/act-water-strategy-2014-44.pdf
  124. TasWater, 2023, Water Security Strategy 2023, available via: https://www.taswater.com.au/about-us/publications   
  125. Power Water, 2025, Darwin Region Water Security Upgrade, available via: https://www.powerwater.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0026/427058/FINAL-2024-25-Darwin-Region-Water-Security-Annual-Update-issued-August-2025.PDF
  126. Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, 2025, Recycled Water Roadmap, New South Wales Government, p.11-12, available via: https://www.water.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/2025-08/recycled-water-roadmap.pdf
  127. Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Wate , 2025, Recycled Water Roadmap, New South Wales Government, p.17, available via: https://www.water.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/2025-08/recycled-water-roadmap.pdfhttps://www.water.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/2025-08/recycled-water-roadmap.pdf
  128. Infrastructure Victoria, 2025, Victoria should pilot a recycled drinking water facility and plan now to expand desalination capacity, Infrastructure Victoria, Melbourne, available via: https://www.infrastructurevictoria.com.au/news/victoria-should-pilot-a-recycled-drinking-water-facility-and-plan-now-to-expand-desalination-capacity
  129. Water Services Association of Australia, n.d., Global Connections Map, available via: https://water360.com.au/map/
  130. Harris, C., 2025, Is desalination becoming Australia’s most reliable water source?, Australian Water Association, available via: https://www.awa.asn.au/resources/latest-news/is-desalination-becoming-australias-most-reliable-water-source
  131. SA Water, n.d., Seawater, available via: https://www.sawater.com.au/water-and-the-environment/south-australias-water-sources/seawater
  132. Seqwater, n.d., Proposed Gold Coast Desalination Plant Expansion, available via: https://www.seqwater.com.au/project/proposed-gold-coast-desalination-plant-expansion  
  133. Melbourne Water, 2025, Desalination, available via: https://www.melbournewater.com.au/water-and-environment/water-management/water-quality/water-treatment/desalination
  134. Water Corporation, n.d., Desalination, available via: https://www.watercorporation.com.au/our-water/desalination
  135. Sydney Desalination Plant, n.d., Securing Sydney’s water for the future, available via: https://sydneydesal.com.au/
  136. Government of South Australia, 2025, Desal plant pumps up production to shore up Adelaide’s water supply, available via: https://www.premier.sa.gov.au/media-releases/news-archive/desal-plant-pumps-up-production-to-shore-up-adelaides-water-supply
  137. Government of South Australia , n.d., Desalination, accessed 6 February 2026, available via: https://www.environment.sa.gov.au/topics/water-and-river-murray/water-information-and-data/water-resources-and-environments/desalination
  138. Water Corporation, n.d., Alkimos Seawater Desalination Plant, available via: https://www.watercorporation.com.au/Our-water/Desalination/Alkimos-Seawater-Desalination-Plant
  139. Sydney Desalination Plant, n.d., About Us, available via: https://sydneydesal.com.au/about-us/expansion/
  140. Water Services Association of Australia, 2022, Closing the Water for People and Communities Gap: A review on the management of drinking water supplies in Indigenous remote communities around Australia, p.44, available via: https://www.wsaa.asn.au/Web/News-and-Resources/Reports/Closing-the-Water-for-People-and-Communities-Gap--A-review-on-the-management-of-drinking-water-suppl.aspx  https://www.wsaa.asn.au/Web/News-and-Resources/Reports/Closing-the-Water-for-People-and-Communities-Gap--A-review-on-the-management-of-drinking-water-suppl.aspx  
  141. Infrastructure Australia, 2019, Australian Infrastructure Audit 2019, Infrastructure Australia, Sydney, p.617, available via: https://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/publications/australian-infrastructure-audit-2019
  142. Water Services Association of Australia, 2022, Closing the Water for People and Communities Gap: A review on the management of drinking water supplies in Indigenous remote communities around Australia, p.10, available via: https://www.wsaa.asn.au/Web/News-and-Resources/Reports/Closing-the-Water-for-People-and-Communities-Gap--A-review-on-the-management-of-drinking-water-suppl.aspx  
  143. Infrastructure Australia, 2021, 2021 Australian Infrastructure Plan, Infrastructure Australia, Sydney,  p.37, available via: https://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/publications/2021-australian-infrastructure-plan
  144. Infrastructure Australia, 2021, 2021 Australian Infrastructure Plan, Infrastructure Australia, Sydney,  p.444, available via: https://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/publications/2021-australian-infrastructure-plan
  145. Water Services Association of Australia, 2022, Closing the Water for People and Communities Gap: A review on the management of drinking water supplies in Indigenous remote communities around Australia, p.16, available via: https://www.wsaa.asn.au/Web/News-and-Resources/Reports/Closing-the-Water-for-People-and-Communities-Gap--A-review-on-the-management-of-drinking-water-suppl.aspx
  146. Wyrwoll, P.R., Manero, A., Taylor, K.S., Rose, E., & Grafton, R.Q., 2022, Measuring the gaps in drinking water quality and policy across regional and remote Australia, npj Clean Water, p.32, available via: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-022-00174-1
  147. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, 2020, Future scenarios for the southern Murray-Darling Basin: Report to the Independent Assessment of Social and Economic Conditions in the Basin, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/water/future-scenarios-smdb-independent-assessment-social-economic-conditions#appendices
  148. Kate, B., 2024, Strategic water use in manufacturing: A blueprint for Australia’s future, Australian Manufacturing, available via: https://www.australianmanufacturing.com.au/strategic-water-use-in-manufacturing-a-blueprint-for-australias-future/
  149. ARUP, 2023, National Hydrogen Infrastructure Assessment: Final report, available via: https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/national-hydrogen-infrastructure-assessment-final-report.pdf
  150. Geoscience Australia, 2025, Australia’s Identified Mineral Resources, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/minerals/aimr
  151. Seqwater, n.d., Dam Improvement Program, accessed 2 December 2025, available via: https://www.seqwater.com.au/dam-improvement-program
  152. National Water Grid, n.d., Paradise Dam Improvement, available via: https://www.nationalwatergrid.gov.au/projects/paradise-dam-improvement-project
  153. Water Services Association of Australia, 2025, Data Centres and Water in Australia, p.8, available via: https://www.wsaa.asn.au/Web/News-and-Resources/Reports/WSAA-data-centre.aspx  
  154. Water Services Association of Australia, 2025, Data Centres and Water in Australia, p.24, available via: https://www.wsaa.asn.au/Web/News-and-Resources/Reports/WSAA-data-centre.aspx  
  155. Water Services Association of Australia, 2025, Data Centres and Water in Australia, p.2, available via: https://www.wsaa.asn.au/Web/News-and-Resources/Reports/WSAA-data-centre.aspx  
  156. Mandala, 2025, Data Centres as Enabling Infrastructure, p.24-25, available via: https://mandalapartners.com/uploads/Data-Centres-as-Enabling-Infrastructure.pdfhttps://mandalapartners.com/uploads/Data-Centres-as-Enabling-Infrastructure.pdf
  157. Department of Climate Change, Energy the Environment and Water, 2024, Australia’s Circular Economy Framework, Australian Government, Canberra, p.15, available via: https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/australias-circular-economy-framework.pdf
  158. CSIRO, n.d., Water Supply For Remote Australian Communities, available via: https://www.csiro.au/en/research/natural-environment/water/Water-resource-assessment/Water-supply-for-remote-Australian-communities
  159. Sydney Water, n.d., Price Proposal 2025-30, available via: https://www.ipart.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/cm9_documents/2024-Pricing-proposal-Sydney-Water.PDF
  160. SA Water, 2023, Our 30-year Asset Investment Plan, Government of South Australia, available via: https://www.sawater.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/774397/SAW_30-Year-Asset-Plan_-8-December-2023.pdf
  161. Productivity Commission, 2024, National Water Reform 2024, Australian Government, Canberra, p.13, available via: https://assets.pc.gov.au/2025-10/Water%20reform%20report.pdf?VersionId=ZzDTW0bcW2utNb_o2h_pAqD0fMclh.H0
  162. Melbourne Water, 2018, Healthy Waterways Strategy 2018, available via: https://mwhwsstorage.blob.core.windows.net/files/2021-03/healthy-waterways-strategy-2018.pdf
  163. Melbourne Water, 2018, Healthy Waterways Strategy 2018, p.21, available via: https://mwhwsstorage.blob.core.windows.net/files/2021-03/healthy-waterways-strategy-2018.pdf  
  164. Environment Protection Authority South Australia, n.d., Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and marine heat waves, available via: https://www.epa.sa.gov.au/environmental_info/water_quality/harmful-algal-blooms
  165. Water Services Association of Australia, 2025, Fact Sheet: PFAS and the water sector, available via: https://wsaa.asn.au/Common/Uploaded%20files/library/resource/PFAS%20Resources/202501/WSAA%20Fact%20Sheet%20PFAS%20and%20the%20water%20sector%20-%2021%20January%202025%20%28update%29.pdf
  166. AEMO (Australian Energy Market Operator), 2025, 2026 Integrated System Plan, available via: https://www.aemo.com.au/energy-systems/major-publications/integrated-system-plan-isp/2026-integrated-system-plan-isp
  167. Department of Mines, Industry, Regulation and Safety Energy Policy, 2023, SWIS Demand Assessment 2023 to 2042, Government of Western Australia, Perth, available via: https://www.wa.gov.au/system/files/2023-05/swisda_report.pdf
  168. Marsden Jacob, 2025, Common user transmission and decarbonising Pilbara energy demand, report for CEFC, available via: https://www.cefc.com.au/media/jwlnajzx/common-user-transmission-and-decarbonising-pilbara-energy-demand.pdf
  169. CSIRO, n.d., What are the sources of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?, available via: https://www.csiro.au/en/research/environmental-impacts/climate-change/Climate-change-QA/Sources-of-CO2
  170. Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, 2025, Electricity and Energy Sector Plan, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/electricity-energy-sector-plan-2025.pdf
  171. Blakers, A, 2024, Pumped hydro energy storage, Engineers Australia, available via: https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/sites/default/files/2024-08/accelerating-energy-transition-pumped-hydro-energy-storage-v2.pdf
  172. The Hon Jeremy Rockliff, Premier of Tasmania, 2025, Tasmania secures significant agreement for Marinus, media release, Tasmanian Government, available via: https://www.premier.tas.gov.au/latest-news/2025/august/tasmania-secures-significant-agreement-for-marinus
  173. AEMO (Australian Energy Market Operator), 2024, 2024 Integrated System Plan, Appendix 3. Renewable Energy Zones, available via: https://www.aemo.com.au/energy-systems/major-publications/integrated-system-plan-isp/2024-integrated-system-plan-isp
  174. Government of Western Australia, 2025, South West Interconnected System Transmission Plan, available via: https://www.wa.gov.au/organisation/energy-policy-wa/the-south-west-interconnected-system-transmission-plan-future-ready-transmission-network-was-main-electricity-system
  175. Government of Western Australia, 2025, Pilbara Energy Transition Plan, available via: https://www.wa.gov.au/organisation/energy-policy-wa/pilbara-energy-transition-plan
  176. AEMO (Australian Energy Market Operator), 2025, 2025 Inputs, Assumptions and Scenarios Report, p.171,available via: https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/stakeholder_consultation/consultations/nem-consultations/2024/2025-iasr-scenarios/final-docs/2025-inputs-assumptions-and-scenarios-report.pdf
  177. Australian Energy Regulator, 2024, State of the Energy Market 2024 Report, available via: https://www.aer.gov.au/publications/reports/performance/state-energy-market-2024
  178. AEMO (Australian Energy Market Operator), n.d., About the Wholesale Electricity Market (WEM), available via: https://www.aemo.com.au/energy-systems/electricity/wholesale-electricity-market-wem/about-the-wholesale-electricity-market-wa-wem#:~:text=The%20South%20West%20Interconnected%20System,MW%20of%20non%2Dscheduled%20generation
  179. Energy Policy WA, Pilbara Electricity Modelling Report – Stakeholder Summary, December 2023, as cited in APA, 2025, Evolution of the Pilbara: Consultation Papers, page 8, available via: https://www.wa.gov.au/system/files/2025-04/apa_evolution_of_the_pilbara_network_rules_submission_0.pdf
  180. IPA (Infrastructure Partnerships Australia), Queensland Supergrid South, Australian New Zealand Infrastructure Pipeline, available via: https://infrastructurepipeline.org/project/queensland-supergrid-south
  181. TransGrid, 2024, HumeLink approval unlocks more than $1 billion in benefits for consumers, available via: https://www.transgrid.com.au/media-publications/news-articles/humelink-approval-unlocks-more-than-1-billion-in-benefits-for-consumers/
  182. CEFC, 2025, CEFC statement regarding Central-West Orana REZ, available via: https://www.cefc.com.au/media/statement/cefc-statement-regarding-central-west-orana-rez/
  183. CEFC, 2025, CEFC to invest in visionary Marinus Link project in largest-ever transaction, media release, available via: https://www.cefc.com.au/media/media-release/cefc-to-invest-in-visionary-marinus-link-project-in-largest-ever-transaction/
  184. Department of Industry, Science and Resources, 2024, Future Gas Strategy, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.industry.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-05/future-gas-strategy.pdf
  185. AEMO (Australian Energy Market Operator), 2025, 2025 Gas Statement of Opportunities, available via: https://www.aemo.com.au/energy-systems/gas/gas-forecasting-and-planning/gas-statement-of-opportunities-gsoo
  186. Australian Energy Regulator, 2024, State of the Energy Market 2024 Report, Figure 5.2 & 5.3, available via: https://www.aer.gov.au/publications/reports/performance/state-energy-market-2024
  187. CSIRO, n.d., Low carbon liquid fuel opportunities for Australia, available via: https://www.csiro.au/en/research/technology-space/energy/decarbonising-industry-transport/low-carbon-liquid-fuels; CEFC, 2025, Refined Ambitions: Exploring Australia’s Low Carbon Liquid Fuel Potential, p.23, available via: https://www.cefc.com.au/document?file=/media/jh3gvm14/refined-ambitions-exploring-australia-s-low-carbon-liquid-fuel-potential.pdf
  188. Pure One, n.d. Turquoise Hydrogen, available via: https://pure1corp.com/projects/hydrogen-infrastructure/turquoise-hydrogen/; Future Energy Exports, n.d., Evaluation of Turquoise Hydrogen Production Technologies (24.RP2.0205), available via: https://www.fenex.org.au/project/evaluation-of-turquoise-hydrogen-production-technologies-24-rp2-0205/
  189. Peacock B., 2023, To be a hydrogen superpower, Australia requires 812 GW of renewables by 2050, BNEF says, PV Magazine, available via: https://www.pv-magazine-australia.com/2023/05/24/to-be-a-hydrogen-superpower-australia-requires-812-gw-of-renewables-by-2050-bnef-says/
  190. Martin N., 2022, Five things you need to know about Green Hydrogen, University of New South Wales, available via: https://www.unsw.edu.au/newsroom/news/2022/02/five-things-you-need-to-know-about-green-hydrogen
  191. Monaghan, T., 2024, Australia’s Green Hydrogen Ambitions: Soldiering On Despite Adversity, Australia Energy Council, available via: https://www.energycouncil.com.au/analysis/australia-s-green-hydrogen-ambitions-soldiering-on-despite-adversity/
  192. Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, 2025, Growing Australia’s hydrogen industry, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.dcceew.gov.au/energy/hydrogen
  193. CEFC, n.d., Advancing Hydrogen Fund, available via: https://www.cefc.com.au/where-we-invest/special-investment-programs/advancing-hydrogen-fund/
  194. Infrastructure Australia, 2024, Embodied Carbon Projections for Australian Infrastructure and Buildings, Infrastructure Australia, Sydney, available via: https://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/reports/embodied-carbon-projections-australian-infrastructure-and-buildings
  195. Hutchens, G., & Terzon, E., 2021, Largest battery in Australia to be built at ageing NSW coal-fired power plant, ABC News, available via: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-12/largest-battery-in-australia-to-be-built-at-nsw-coal-fired-plant/13050642; Li, B., Qian, W., & Du, X., 2025,  Study on the retrofit of coupled Carnot battery in retired coal-fired power units for grid energy storage transformation, Applied Energy, vol. 401, pt C, available via: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261925015260
  196. For an Australian case study, see the feasibility study of retrofitting the Torrens Island Power Station B in South Australia with thermal storage technology, funded by ARENA.’
  197. Infrastructure Australia, 2025, 2025 Infrastructure Market Capacity Report, Infrastructure Australia, Sydney, available via: https://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/reports/2025-infrastructure-market-capacity-report
  198. Duong, C., 2024, Embodied carbon: what is it and how to reduce it, University of New South Wales, available via: https://www.unsw.edu.au/newsroom/news/2024/03/embodied-carbon-what-is-it-and-how-to-reduce-it; Infrastructure Australia, 2025, 2025 Infrastructure Market Capacity Report, Infrastructure Australia, Sydney, available via: https://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/reports/2025-infrastructure-market-capacity-report; Australian Renewable Energy Agency, 2025, Strategic priorities: support the transition to low emissions metals, Australian Renewable Energy Agency, Canberra available via: https://arena.gov.au/about/arena-strategic-priorities/strategic-priorities-support-the-transition-to-low-emissions-metals/#:~:text=Steel%20production%20in%20Australia%20currently%20accounts%20for,emissions%20domestic%20iron%20and%20steel%20value%20chain
  199. The Hon Chris Bowen, Minister for Climate Change and Energy, Electric vehicle charging network to connect all of Australia, media release, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://minister.dcceew.gov.au/bowen/media-releases/electric-vehicle-charging-network-connect-all-australia
  200. See Zero Emissions Bus Procurement Pipeline: Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications, Sport and the Arts, n.d., Working with states and territories to decarbonise infrastructure and transport, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/infrastructure-transport-vehicles/net-zero/working-states-and-territories-decarbonise-infrastructure-and- transport#:~:text=In%20May%202025%2C%20ITMM%20approved,abatement%20at%20key%20project%20stages
  201. Australian Capital Territory Government, 2024, Zero-Emission Transition Plan For Transport Canberra 2024 Refresh, Australian Capital Territory Government, available via: https://www.transport.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/2566911/ZERO-EMISSION-TRANSITION-PLAN-FOR-TRANSPORT-CANBERRA-2024-REFRESH.pdf
  202. Transport for NSW, n.d., Zero Emission Bus, New South Wales Government, available via: https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/projects/current-projects/zero-emission-buses
  203. Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Logistics, 2023, Northern Territory Electric Vehicle Strategy and Implementation Plan 2021 – 2026 Implementation Update, Northern Territory Government, available via: https://dli.nt.gov.au/media/docs/reviews-and-consultations/electric-vehicle-discussion/electric-vehicle-strategy-implementation-update.pdf
  204. Queensland Government, n.d., Zero Emission Bus Program, Queensland Government, available via: https://www.qld.gov.au/transport/projects/electricvehicles/zero-emission-bus-program
  205. Adelaide Metro, 2025, Going green for a sustainable future, Government of South Australia, available via: https://www.adelaidemetro.com.au/about-us/go-green
  206. Metro Tasmania, n.d., Get on board Metro’s Zero Emission Bus Trial, available via: https://www.metrotas.com.au/zeroemission/
  207. Victorian Government, 2025, Zero Emissions Bus Trial and Transition Plan, Victorian Government, available via: https://www.vic.gov.au/zero-emissions-bus-trial-and-transition-plan
  208. Government of Western Australia, 2025, Electric buses charge into the suburbs for the first time, available via: https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Cook%20Labor%20Government/Electric-buses-charge-into-the-suburbs-for-the-first-time-20250706
  209. AEMO (Australian Energy Market Operator), 2025, AEMO’s updated forecasting methodology targets rapidly growing electricity loads, following industry consultation, available via: https://www.aemo.com.au/newsroom/news-updates/aemos-updated-forecasting-methodology-targets-rapidly-growing-electricity-loads
  210. Brunetti, B., & Zhu, C., 2025, Data centers lead global growth in corporate PPAs, PV Magazine, available via: https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2025/04/14/data-centers-lead-global-growth-in-corporate-ppas/
  211. Amazon, 2025, Amazon investing AU$20 billion to expand data center infrastructure in Australia and strengthen the nation’s AI future, available via: https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/aws/amazon-data-center-investment-in-a…;