Overview
Header description
Targeted investment in new and upgraded nationally significant infrastructure is crucial to advancing Australian Government policies aimed at boosting national productivity.
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- Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, 2022, Australian interstate, intrastate and capital city road freight forecasts – 2022 update, Figure 3.1 Total adjusted metropolitan road freight estimates (1970–2020) and forecasts (2020–2040), Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/bitre_rr155.pdf
- Infrastructure Australia analysis of NFDH Roadworks and Road Closures data, 2020-2024; Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications, Sport and the Arts, n.d., Roadworks and Road Closures, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://datahub.freightaustralia.gov.au/explore/interactives/Roadworks%20and%20Road%20Closures
- Austroads, 2025, AusRAP Summary 2025, available via: https://austroads.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/806878/AusRAP_Summary_2025_18.09.25.pdf
- Australian Government, 2024, Bruce Highway Upgrade – Safety Package, Australian Government, Canberra. Available via: https://investment.infrastructure.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/… https://investment.infrastructure.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/bruce-highway-upgrade-safety-package-fact-sheet.pdf
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- Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, 2025, Australian Sea Freight 2023–24, Australian Government, Canberra, available via https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/asf-2023-24.pdf
- Productivity Commission, 2022, Lifting productivity at Australia’s container ports: between water, wharf and warehouse, Australian Government, Canberra, p.2, available via: assets.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/maritime-logistics/report/maritime-logistics.pdf
- Infrastructure Australia analysis of NFDH Import and Export Containerised Merchandise Projections by Port data (projected growth from July 2025 to July 2030). Data accessed 29 January 2026.
- Productivity Commission, 2022, Lifting productivity at Australia’s container ports: between water, wharf and warehouse, Australian Government, Canberra, p.252, available via: assets.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/maritime-logistics/report/maritime-logistics.pdf
- Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2023, Container Stevedoring Monitoring Report 2022–23, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: www.accc.gov.au/system/files/container-stevedoring-monitoring-report-2022-23.pdf
- Productivity Commission, 2022, Lifting productivity at Australia’s container ports: between water, wharf and warehouse, Australian Government, Canberra, p.88, available via: assets.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/maritime-logistics/report/maritime-logistics.pdf
- Productivity Commission, 2022, Lifting productivity at Australia’s container ports: between water, wharf and warehouse, Australian Government, Canberra, p.233, available via: assets.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/maritime-logistics/report/maritime-logistics.pdf
- Westport, 2020, Future Port Recommendations Stage 2 Report, Government of Western Australia, available via: https://westport.wa.gov.au/getContentAsset/8d216210-75d0-4296-b02b-14cebc19d856/fa117f43-b6c2-4f05-8f7b-73a98f1892f0/westport-future-port-recommendations_stage-2-report.pdf?language=en
- Productivity Commission, 2022, Lifting productivity at Australia’s container ports: between water, wharf and warehouse, Australian Government, Canberra, p.167, available via: assets.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/maritime-logistics/report/maritime-logistics.pdf
- World Bank Group, 2025, The Container Port Performance Index 2020 to 2024: Trends and lessons learned, available via: www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/publication/cppi-2024
- Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, 2025, Australian Infrastructure and Transport Statistics Yearbook 2025, ‘Table 7.6 Containers exchanged, selected Australian ports, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/bitre-yearbook-2025.pdf
- Flinders Port Holdings, 2022, Masterplan, available via: https://www.flindersportholdings.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/FPH-Masterplan-FINAL-JUN-2022.pdf
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available via: www.nswports.com.au/nsw-container-ports - Port of Brisbane, 2025, Port of Brisbane Vision 2060, p.13, available via: www.portbris.com.au/documents/40594/1270668/PortBris+-+Vision2060.pdf
- Westport, 2025, Why WA’s growing container trade demands smart planning, Government of Western Australia, available via: https://westport.wa.gov.au/info-hub/news/why-was-growing-container-trade-demands-smart-planning
- Port of Melbourne, 2025, 2055 Port Development Strategy, p.44, available via: https://www.portofmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/PoM-2055-PDS-Edition-For-Publication.pdf
- Port of Melbourne, 2024, Port Capacity Enhancement Program, available via: https://www.portofmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/240607_11-PCEP-StageTwo-DraftCBA-Presentation-June2024.pdf
- Transport for NSW, 2025, Delivering freight policy reform in New South Wales, New South Wales Government, p.45 available via: https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/system/files/media/documents/2025/delivering-freight-policy-reform-in-nsw-june-2025.pdf
- Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, 2025, Australian Sea Freight 2023–24, ‘Table 1.3 - Top ten ports with the highest value of Australia’s international sea freight (2023–24 prices) ‘ & ‘Table 1.4 Top ten ports with the largest weight of Australia’s international sea freight ‘, Australian Government, Canberra, available via https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/asf-2023-24.pdf
- Productivity Commission, 2022, Lifting productivity at Australia’s container ports: between water, wharf and warehouse, Australian Government, Canberra, p.244, available via: assets.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/maritime-logistics/report/maritime-logistics.pdf
- Productivity Commission, 2022, Lifting productivity at Australia’s container ports: between water, wharf and warehouse, Australian Government, Canberra, p.245, available via: assets.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/maritime-logistics/report/maritime-logistics.pdf
- Australian Railway Association, 2020, Value of Rail 2020, available via: https://ara.net.au/wp-content/uploads/REPORT-ValueofRail2020-1.pdf
- Victorian Government, 2023, Port Rail Shuttle Network, Victorian Government, Melbourne, available via: https://www.vic.gov.au/port-rail-shuttle-network
- NSW Ports, 2023, NSW Ports 2063, p. 37, available via: https://www.nswports.com.au/NSWPorts-Master-Plan
- NSW Ports, 2025, Continued investment in Port Botany’s On-Dock Rail to enhance Sydney’s freight supply chain, available via: https://www.nswports.com.au/continued-investment-port-botanys-dock-rail-enhance-sydneys-freight-supply-chain
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- Department of Industry, Science and Resources, 2025, Resources and Energy Quarterly September 2025, Table 1.2 Australia’s resources and energy exports, selected commodities, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.industry.gov.au/sites/default/files/2025-10/resources-and-energy-quarterly-september-2025.pdf
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Department of Transport and Main Roads, 2023, Master Plan Priority Port of Abott Point, Queensland Government, Brisbane, available via: https://www.publications.qld.gov.au/ckan-publications-attachments-prod/resources/72d6339b-68a5-474a-af6b-1aa911dd19a7/master-plan-priority-port-of-abbot-point.pdf?ETag=a4b0566e92a1426517cec3cace38fa15 - Australian Government, 2025, Additional Defence funding to deliver the Henderson Defence Precinct, media release, Australian Government, available via: https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/media-releases/2025-09-14/additional-defence-funding-deliver-henderson-defence-precinct
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- Ranked by seats; OAG, n.d., The Busiest Flight Routes of 2024, available via: https://www.oag.com/busiest-routes-world-2024
- Point-in-time estimate from Google maps and coach timetables
- Point-in-time estimate from Google maps
- Baseline scenario is the BITRE’s best estimates of likely future growth in aviation activity, conditional on the long-term forecast assumptions; Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, 2024, Australian Aviation forecasts – 2025 to 2024 (Summary), Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/bitre-rr157-summary.pdf
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- Marsden Jacob, 2025, Common user transmission and decarbonising Pilbara energy demand, report for CEFC, available via: https://www.cefc.com.au/media/jwlnajzx/common-user-transmission-and-decarbonising-pilbara-energy-demand.pdf
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- Blakers, A, 2024, Pumped hydro energy storage, Engineers Australia, available via: https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/sites/default/files/2024-08/accelerating-energy-transition-pumped-hydro-energy-storage-v2.pdf
- The Hon Jeremy Rockliff, Premier of Tasmania, 2025, Tasmania secures significant agreement for Marinus, media release, Tasmanian Government, available via: https://www.premier.tas.gov.au/latest-news/2025/august/tasmania-secures-significant-agreement-for-marinus
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- Government of Western Australia, 2025, Pilbara Energy Transition Plan, available via: https://www.wa.gov.au/organisation/energy-policy-wa/pilbara-energy-transition-plan
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- Australian Energy Regulator, 2024, State of the Energy Market 2024 Report, available via: https://www.aer.gov.au/publications/reports/performance/state-energy-market-2024
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- IPA (Infrastructure Partnerships Australia), Queensland Supergrid South, Australian New Zealand Infrastructure Pipeline, available via: https://infrastructurepipeline.org/project/queensland-supergrid-south
- TransGrid, 2024, HumeLink approval unlocks more than $1 billion in benefits for consumers, available via: https://www.transgrid.com.au/media-publications/news-articles/humelink-approval-unlocks-more-than-1-billion-in-benefits-for-consumers/
- CEFC, 2025, CEFC statement regarding Central-West Orana REZ, available via: https://www.cefc.com.au/media/statement/cefc-statement-regarding-central-west-orana-rez/
- CEFC, 2025, CEFC to invest in visionary Marinus Link project in largest-ever transaction, media release, available via: https://www.cefc.com.au/media/media-release/cefc-to-invest-in-visionary-marinus-link-project-in-largest-ever-transaction/
- Department of Industry, Science and Resources, 2024, Future Gas Strategy, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.industry.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-05/future-gas-strategy.pdf
- AEMO (Australian Energy Market Operator), 2025, 2025 Gas Statement of Opportunities, available via: https://www.aemo.com.au/energy-systems/gas/gas-forecasting-and-planning/gas-statement-of-opportunities-gsoo
- Australian Energy Regulator, 2024, State of the Energy Market 2024 Report, Figure 5.2 & 5.3, available via: https://www.aer.gov.au/publications/reports/performance/state-energy-market-2024
- CSIRO, n.d., Low carbon liquid fuel opportunities for Australia, available via: https://www.csiro.au/en/research/technology-space/energy/decarbonising-industry-transport/low-carbon-liquid-fuels; CEFC, 2025, Refined Ambitions: Exploring Australia’s Low Carbon Liquid Fuel Potential, p.23, available via: https://www.cefc.com.au/document?file=/media/jh3gvm14/refined-ambitions-exploring-australia-s-low-carbon-liquid-fuel-potential.pdf
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- Peacock B., 2023, To be a hydrogen superpower, Australia requires 812 GW of renewables by 2050, BNEF says, PV Magazine, available via: https://www.pv-magazine-australia.com/2023/05/24/to-be-a-hydrogen-superpower-australia-requires-812-gw-of-renewables-by-2050-bnef-says/
- Martin N., 2022, Five things you need to know about Green Hydrogen, University of New South Wales, available via: https://www.unsw.edu.au/newsroom/news/2022/02/five-things-you-need-to-know-about-green-hydrogen
- Monaghan, T., 2024, Australia’s Green Hydrogen Ambitions: Soldiering On Despite Adversity, Australia Energy Council, available via: https://www.energycouncil.com.au/analysis/australia-s-green-hydrogen-ambitions-soldiering-on-despite-adversity/
- Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, 2025, Growing Australia’s hydrogen industry, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://www.dcceew.gov.au/energy/hydrogen
- CEFC, n.d., Advancing Hydrogen Fund, available via: https://www.cefc.com.au/where-we-invest/special-investment-programs/advancing-hydrogen-fund/
- Infrastructure Australia, 2024, Embodied Carbon Projections for Australian Infrastructure and Buildings, Infrastructure Australia, Sydney, available via: https://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/reports/embodied-carbon-projections-australian-infrastructure-and-buildings
- Hutchens, G., & Terzon, E., 2021, Largest battery in Australia to be built at ageing NSW coal-fired power plant, ABC News, available via: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-12/largest-battery-in-australia-to-be-built-at-nsw-coal-fired-plant/13050642; Li, B., Qian, W., & Du, X., 2025, Study on the retrofit of coupled Carnot battery in retired coal-fired power units for grid energy storage transformation, Applied Energy, vol. 401, pt C, available via: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261925015260
- For an Australian case study, see the feasibility study of retrofitting the Torrens Island Power Station B in South Australia with thermal storage technology, funded by ARENA.’
- Infrastructure Australia, 2025, 2025 Infrastructure Market Capacity Report, Infrastructure Australia, Sydney, available via: https://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/reports/2025-infrastructure-market-capacity-report
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- The Hon Chris Bowen, Minister for Climate Change and Energy, Electric vehicle charging network to connect all of Australia, media release, Australian Government, Canberra, available via: https://minister.dcceew.gov.au/bowen/media-releases/electric-vehicle-charging-network-connect-all-australia
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- Australian Capital Territory Government, 2024, Zero-Emission Transition Plan For Transport Canberra 2024 Refresh, Australian Capital Territory Government, available via: https://www.transport.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/2566911/ZERO-EMISSION-TRANSITION-PLAN-FOR-TRANSPORT-CANBERRA-2024-REFRESH.pdf
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- Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Logistics, 2023, Northern Territory Electric Vehicle Strategy and Implementation Plan 2021 – 2026 Implementation Update, Northern Territory Government, available via: https://dli.nt.gov.au/media/docs/reviews-and-consultations/electric-vehicle-discussion/electric-vehicle-strategy-implementation-update.pdf
- Queensland Government, n.d., Zero Emission Bus Program, Queensland Government, available via: https://www.qld.gov.au/transport/projects/electricvehicles/zero-emission-bus-program
- Adelaide Metro, 2025, Going green for a sustainable future, Government of South Australia, available via: https://www.adelaidemetro.com.au/about-us/go-green
- Metro Tasmania, n.d., Get on board Metro’s Zero Emission Bus Trial, available via: https://www.metrotas.com.au/zeroemission/
- Victorian Government, 2025, Zero Emissions Bus Trial and Transition Plan, Victorian Government, available via: https://www.vic.gov.au/zero-emissions-bus-trial-and-transition-plan
- Government of Western Australia, 2025, Electric buses charge into the suburbs for the first time, available via: https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Cook%20Labor%20Government/Electric-buses-charge-into-the-suburbs-for-the-first-time-20250706
- AEMO (Australian Energy Market Operator), 2025, AEMO’s updated forecasting methodology targets rapidly growing electricity loads, following industry consultation, available via: https://www.aemo.com.au/newsroom/news-updates/aemos-updated-forecasting-methodology-targets-rapidly-growing-electricity-loads
- Brunetti, B., & Zhu, C., 2025, Data centers lead global growth in corporate PPAs, PV Magazine, available via: https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2025/04/14/data-centers-lead-global-growth-in-corporate-ppas/
- Amazon, 2025, Amazon investing AU$20 billion to expand data center infrastructure in Australia and strengthen the nation’s AI future, available via: https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/aws/amazon-data-center-investment-in-a…;